How to calculate ROI
Gross profit = Revenue × Gross margin %
Net profit = Gross profit − Total investment
ROI % = (Net profit ÷ Total investment) × 100
Total investment should include everything you spent to generate the revenue: ad spend plus agency or freelancer fees, creative production, tools and software used for the campaign, and any other direct costs.
Worked example
A quarter's Google Ads program for a home goods store:
| Input | Value |
|---|
| Ad spend | $8,000 |
| Agency fee and tools | $2,000 |
| Total investment | $10,000 |
| Revenue from the campaign | $35,000 |
| Gross margin | 40% |
| Result | Calculation | Value |
|---|
| Gross profit | $35,000 × 40% | $14,000 |
| Net profit | $14,000 − $10,000 | $4,000 |
| ROI | $4,000 ÷ $10,000 | 40% |
Every dollar invested came back plus 40 cents of profit. Note that the ROAS on ad spend alone was 4.4 ($35,000 ÷ $8,000), which looks impressive, but the ROI shows the real profit once product costs and fees are included.
ROI vs ROAS vs POAS
These three metrics are often used interchangeably, but they answer different questions:
| Metric | Formula | What it ignores | Break-even |
|---|
| ROAS | Revenue ÷ Ad spend | Product costs and non-ad costs | 1 ÷ margin |
| POAS | Gross profit ÷ Ad spend | Non-ad costs | 1.0 |
| ROI | Net profit ÷ Total investment | Nothing within the campaign scope | 0% |
- Use ROAS for day-to-day bidding, since it is what Google Ads reports and optimizes toward. The ROAS calculator covers it.
- Use POAS to check whether ad spend is profitable at the gross level. Try the POAS calculator.
- Use ROI to judge the whole investment, including fees and tools, for monthly or quarterly reviews.
A campaign can have a healthy ROAS and still a negative ROI if margins are thin or overhead is heavy.
What is a good ROI?
Any positive ROI means the investment made money, but how much you need depends on:
- Your alternatives. If the same money could earn more elsewhere, such as in inventory or another channel, a low ROI may not be worth it.
- Time frame. ROI over a single month ignores repeat purchases. For stores with strong repeat buying, a near-zero ROI on first orders may be fine if those customers return.
- Attribution. Ad platforms may credit conversions differently from your analytics. ROI is only as accurate as the revenue you attribute to the investment.
- Risk. New campaigns and tests often start with lower ROI while they gather data.
Rather than aiming for a universal number, set a minimum acceptable ROI for each type of spend and review it regularly.
How to improve marketing ROI
- Increase gross margin through pricing, supplier terms and shifting spend toward higher-margin products.
- Cut wasted ad spend. Review search terms, exclude non-converting products and cut placements that do not sell.
- Raise conversion rate and AOV, which increase revenue from the same traffic.
- Review fixed costs. Tools and fees that are not contributing reduce ROI directly.
- Use margin-aware bidding. Splitting Shopping and Performance Max campaigns by margin tier lets you set targets that protect profit, not just revenue.